Николас Карр - Стеклянная клетка. Автоматизация и мы

Примечания

1. Federal Aviation Administration. SAFO 13002, 2011. January 4. UPL: http://www. faa.gov/other_visit/aviation_industry/airline_operators/airline_safety/safo/all_

safos/media/2013/SAFO13002.pdf.

1. Sebastian Thrun. What We’re Driving At. Google Official Blog, 2010. October 9. UPL: http://www.googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/10/what-were-driving-at.html. Cм. также. Tom Vanderbilt. Let the Robot Drive: The Autonomous Car of the Future Is Here, 2012. February.

2. Daniel DeBolt. Google’s Self-Driving Car in Five-Car Crash // Mountain View Voice, 2011. August 8.

3. Richard Waters and Henry Foy. Tesla Moves Ahead of Google in Race to Build Self-Driving Cars // Financial Times, 2013. September 17. UPL: http://www. ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/70d26288–1faf-11e3–8861–00144feab7de.html.

4. Frank Levy and Richard J. Murnane. The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market // Princeton University Press, 2004. 20.

5. Tom A. Schweizer et al. Brain Activity during Driving with Distraction: An Immersive fMRI Study // Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2013. February 28. UPL: http://www.frontiersin.org/Human_Neuroscience/ 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00053/full.

6. N. Katherine Hayles. How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis // University of Chicago Press, 2012. 2.

7. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and Judith LeFevre. Optimal Experience in Work and Leisure // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1989. №.5. Р. 815–822.

8. Daniel T. Gilbert and Timothy D. Wilson. Miswanting: Some Problems in the Forecasting of Future Affective States. В книге: Joseph P. Forgas Feeling and Thinking: The Role of Affect in Social Cognition //U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Р. 179.

9. Csikszentmihalyi and LeFevre. Optimal Experience in Work and Leisure.

10. Цитируется по: John Geirland. Go with the Flow // Wired, 1996. September.

11. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. N. Y.: Harper, 1991. Р. 157–162.

1. R. H. Macmillan. Automation: Friend or Foe? // Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, U.K, 1956. Р. 1.

2. Там же. Р. 91.

3. Там же. Р. 1–6. The emphasis is Macmillan’s.

4. Там же. Р. 92.

5. George B. Dyson. Darwin among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence // Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1997.

6. Bertrand Russell. Machines and the Emotions // Sceptical Essays London: Routledge, 2004. Р. 64.

7. Adam Smith. The Wealth of Nations. N. Y.: Modern Library, 2000. Р. 7–10.

8. Там же. Р. 408.

9. Malcolm I. Thomis. The Luddites: Machine-Breaking in Regency England Newton Abbot, U.K.: David & Charles, 1970, Р. 50. См. также: E. J. Hobsbawm. The Machine Breakers // Past and Present 1, 1952. № 1. Р. 57–70.

10. Karl Marx. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, 1912. Vol. 1 Chicago: Charles H. Kerr. Р. 461–462.

11. Karl Marx. Speech at the Anniversary of the People’s Paper. 1856. April 14. UPL: http://www. marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1856/04/14.htm.

12. Nick Dyer-Witheford. Cyber-Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism // University of Illinois Press, 1999. Р. 40.

13. Karl Marx. Speech at the Anniversary of the People’s Paper.

14. Цитируется по книге: Dyer-Witheford. Cyber-Marx. Р. 41. В знаменитом пассаже из «Немецкой идеологии», опубликованной в 1846 году, Маркс предсказывает, что наступит день, когда он будет волен «делать одно сегодня, а другое завтра; охотиться утром, ловить рыбу днем, пасти скот вечером, а после обеда писать критические статьи, не будучи, при этом, ни охотником, ни рыболовом, ни пастухом, ни критиком». Наверное никогда еще странные желания не высказывались таким напыщенным слогом.

15. E. Levasseur. The Concentration of Industry, and Machinery in the United States // Publications of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 1897. № 193. Р. 178–197.

16. Oscar Wilde. The Soul of Man under Socialism. // The Collected Works of Oscar Wilde. Ware, U.K.: Wordsworth Editions, 2007. Р. 1051.

17. Цитируется по книге: Amy Sue Bix. Inventing Ourselves out of Jobs? America’s Debate over Technological Unemployment, 1929–1981 // Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore. 2000. Р. 117–118.

18. Там же. Р. 50.

19. Там же. Р. 55.

20. John Maynard Keynes. Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren // Essays in Persuasion. N. Y.: W. W. Norton. 1963. Р. 358–373.

21. John F. Kennedy. Remarks at the Wheeling Stadium // John F. Kennedy: Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1962. Р. 721.

22. Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio. The Jobless Future: Sci-Tech and the Dogma of Work. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994. Р. 14.

23. Jeremy Rifkin. The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era. N. Y.: Putnam, 1995. xv – xviii.

24. Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee. Race against the Machine: How the Digital Revolution Is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy // Lexington, Mass.: Digital Frontier Press, 2011. Более подробно Брюньольфссон и Макафи развивают свою аргументацию в: The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. N. Y.: W. W. Norton, 2014.

25. March of the Machines // 60 Minutes. CBS, 2013. January 13. UPL: http://www. cbsnews.com/8301–18560_162–57563618/are-robots-hurting-job-growth/.

26. Bernard Condon and Paul Wiseman. Recession, Tech Kill Middle-Class Jobs // AP, 2013. January 23. UPL: http://www. bigstory.ap.org/article/ap-impactrecession-tech-kill-middle-class-jobs.

27. Paul Wiseman and Bernard Condon. Will Smart Machines Create a World without Work? // AP, 2013. January 25. UPL: http://www.bigstory.ap.org/article/will-smart-machines-create-world-without-work.

28. Michael Spence. Technology and the Unemployment Challenge // Project Syndicate, 2013. January 15. UPL: http://www. project-syndicate.org/commentary/global-supply-chains-on-the-move-by-michael-spence.

29. См. также: Timothy Aeppel. Man vs. Machine, a Jobless Recovery // Wall Street Journal, 2012. January 17.

30. Цитируется по книге: Thomas B. Edsall. The Hollowing Out // Campaign Stops (blog), New York Times, 2012. July 8. UPL: http://www. campaignstops.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/08/the-future-of-joblessness/.

31. См. также: Manufacturing Output, Productivity and Employment Implications / ed. Lawrence V. Kenton. N. Y.: Nova Science, 2005; Judith Ba– nister and George Cook. China’s Employment and Compensation Costs in Manufacturing through 2008 // Monthly Labor Review, 2011. March.

32. Tyler Cowen. What Export-Oriented America Means // American Interest. 2012. May/June.

33. Robert Skidelsky. The Rise of the Robots // Project Syndicate, 2013. February 19. UPL: http://www. project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-future-of-work-ina-world-of-automation-by-robert-skidelsky.

34. Там же.

35. Chrystia Freeland. China, Technology and the U. S. Middle Class // Financial Times, 2013. February 15.

36. Paul Krugman. Is Growth Over? // The Conscience of a Liberal (blog), New York Times, 2012. December 26. UPL: http://www. krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/26/is-growth-over/.

37. James R. Bright. Automation and Management. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University, 1958. Р. 4–5.

38. Там же. Р. 5.

39. Там же. Р. 4, 6. Курсив Брайта. Он прировнял определение автоматизации к определению механизации, данное Зигфридом Гидионом: «Механизация – это энергетическое средство, такое же, как вода, огонь или свет. Механизация слепа и сама по себе работать не может. Подобно силам природы, механизация зависит от способности человека ее использовать, защитив себя от связанных с нею опасностей. Поскольку механизация целиком и полностью возникает в мозгу человека, постольку она, в первую очередь, опасна для него самого». Giedion, Mechanization Takes Command. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 1948. Р. 714.

40. David A. Mindell. Between Human and Machine: Feedback, Control, and Computing before Cybernetics // Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. Р. 247.

41. Stuart Bennett. A History of Control Engineering, 1800–1930. London: Peter Peregrinus, 1979. Р. 99–100.

42. Norbert Wiener. The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society. N. Y.: Da Capo, 1954. Р. 153.

43. Eric W. Leaver and J. J. Brown. Machines without Men // Fortune, 1946. November. См. также: David F. Noble. Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation. N. Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984. Р. 67–71.

44. Noble. Forces of Production. Р. 234.

45. Там же. Р. 21–40.

46. Wiener. Human Use of Human Beings. Р. 148–162.

47. По книге: Flo Conway and Jim Siegelman. Dark Hero of the Information Age: In Search of Norbert Wiener, the Father of Cybernetics. N. Y.: Basic Books, 2005. Р. 251.

48. Marc Andreessen. Why Software Is Eating the World // Wall Street Journal, 2011. August 20.

1. Рассказ о катастрофе «Continental Connection» взят из доклада Национального комитета по происшествиям на транспорте AAR-10/01 // Loss of Control on Approach, Colgan Air, Inc., Operating as Continental Connection Flight 3407, Bombardier DHC 8–400, N200WQ, Clarence. N. Y.: 2009. February 12. Washington, D.C.: NTSB, 2010. UPL: http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/2010/aar1001.pdf. См. также: Matthew L. Wald. Pilots Chatted in Moments before Buffalo Crash // New York Times, 2009. May 12.

2. Associated Press Inquiry in New York Air Crash Points to Crew Error // Los Angeles Times, 2009. May 13.

3. Рассказ о катастрофе самолета Air France взят, в основном из: BEA. Final Report: On the Accident on 1st June 2009 to the Airbus A330–203, Registered F-GZCP, Operated by Air France, Flight AF447. Rio de Janeiro to Paris (официальный английский перевод). 2012. July 27. UPL: http://www.bea.aero /docspa/2009/f-cp090601.en/pdf/f-cp090601.en.pdf. См. также: Jeff Wise. What Really Happened Aboard Air France 447 // Popular Mechanics. 2011. December 6. UPL: http://www. popularmechanics.com/technology/aviation/crashes/what-really-hap– pened-aboard-air-france-447–6611877.

4. BEA, Final Report. Р. 199.

5. William Scheck. Lawrence Sperry: Genius on Autopilot // Aviation History, 2004. November; Dave Higdon. Used Correctly, Autopilots Offer Second-Pilot Safety Benefits. // Avionics News. 2010. May. George the Autopilot // Historic Wings, 2012. August 30. UPL: http://www.fly.historicwings.com/2012/08/george-the-autopilot/.

6. Now – The Automatic Pilot // Popular Science Monthly, 1930. February.

7. Post’s Automatic Pilot // New York Times. 1933. July 24.

8. James M. Gillespie. We Flew the Atlantic ‘No Hands // Popular Science, 1947. December.

9. Anonymous. Automatic Control // Flight, 1947. October 9.

10. Более подробно о работе NASA см.: Lane E. Wallace. Airborne Trailblazer: Two Decades with NASA Langley’s 737 Flying Laboratory. Washington, D.C.: NASA History Office, 1994.

11. William Langewiesche. Fly by Wire: The Geese, the Glide, the “Miracle” on The Hudson. N. Y.: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2009. Р. 103.

12. Antoine de Saint-Exupйry. Wind, Sand and Stars. N. Y.: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1939. Р. 20.

13. Don Harris. Human Performance on the Flight Deck // Surrey, U.K.: Ashgate, 2011. Р. 221.

14. How Does Automation Affect Airline Safety? // Flight Safety Foundation, 2012. July 3. UPL: http://www. flightsafety.org/node/4249.

15. Hemant Bhana. Trust but Verify // AeroSafety World, 2010. June.

16. Цитируется по книге: Nick A. Komons. Bonfires to Beacons: Federal Civil Aviation Policy under the Air Commerce Act 1926–1938. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Department of Transportation, 1978. Р. 24.

17. Scott Mayerowitz and Joshua Freed. Air Travel Safer than Ever with Death Rate at Record Low // Denverpost.com, 2012. January 1. UPL: http://www. denverpost.com/nationworld/ci_19653967. (В статистику не включены жертвы террористических актов.)

18. Интервью Раджа Парасурамана автору от 18 декабря 2011 года.