53. Schmiechen-Ackermann, Nationalsozialismus und Arbeitermilieus, p. 642.
54. Filtzer, ‘Stalinism and the Working Class’, pp. 177–8; Siegelbaum, ‘Soviet Norms Determination’, pp. 57–8; Hubbard, Soviet Labour and Industry, pp. 105–9.
55. BA-Berlin, R2501/65, Reichsbank report, ‘Steigende Arbeiterlöhne’, 19 June 1939, pp. 2–7.
56. Mai, ‘“Warum steht der deutsche Arbeiter zu Hitler?’”, pp. 216–20, 228; W. Zollitsch ‘Die Vertrauensratswahlen von 1934 und 1935’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 15 (1989), pp. 363–4, 378–9.
57. Mai, ‘“Warum steht der deutsche Arbeiter zu Hitler?”’, p. 222. See too G. Mai ‘Die nationalsozialistische Betriebszellen-Organisation: Arbeiterschaft und Nationalsozialismus 1927–1934’, in D. Heiden and G. Mai (eds) Nationalsozialismus in Thüringen (“Weimar, 1995), p. 165.
58. F. Carsten The German Workers and the Nazis (Aldershot, 1995), pp. 44, 46.
59. Carsten, German Workers, p. 37.
60. J. Falter ‘Warum die deutsche Arbeiter während des “Dritten Reiches” zu Hitler standen’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 13 (1987), pp. 217–31. Hess, ‘Zum Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus’, p. 149, who notes that in Leipzig factories threequarters of party cell members were wage-earners.
61. A. Geifmann Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894–1917 (Princeton, NJ, 1993).
62. I. Zbarsky and S. Hutchinson Lenin’s Embalmers (London, 1998), p. 93.
63. D. Volkogonov Trotsky: the Eternal Revolutionary (London, 1996), pp. 377–8.
64. A. V. Baikaloff J Knew Stalin (London, 1940), pp. 78–9.
65. See for example T. J. Colton Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), pp. 323–4.
66. Volkogonov, Trotsky, pp. 379, 392; V. Serge Memoirs of a Revolutionary 1901–1941 (Oxford, 1967), p. 344.
67. R. J. Overy Interrogations: the Nazi Elite in Allied Hands, 1945 (London, 2001), pp. 132–4, 460–67.
68. R. W. Whalen Assassinating Hitler: Ethics and Resistance in Nazi Germany (Toronto, 1993), pp. 36–7.
69. J. P. Duffy and V. L. Ricci Target Hitler: the Plots to Kill Adolf Hitler (Westport, Conn., 1992), pp. 26–8; W. Berthold Die 42 Attentate auf Adolf Hitler (Wiesbaden, 2000), pp. 126–45.
70. Berthold, 42 Attentate, pp. 102–13; Duffy and Ricci, Target Hitler, pp. 19–21.
71. F. von Schlabrendorff The Secret War Against Hitler (London, 1966), pp. 229–40, 276–92; M. Baigent and R. Leigh Secret Germany: Claus von Stauffenberg and the Mystical Crusade against Hitler (London, 1994), pp. 46–58; Berthold, 42 Attentate, pp. 214–36.
72. Carsten, German Workers, pp. 17–19.
73. Carsten, German Workers, pp. 105–6; H. Mehringer ‘Sozialdemokratischer und sozialistischer Widerstand’, in P. Steinbach and
J. Tuchel (eds) Widerstand und Nationalsozialismus (Berlin, 1994), pp. 126–36.
74. Merson, Communist Resistance, pp. 85–7, 162–3; Carsten, German Workers, pp. 70–71; on problems of communist resistance see Hess ‘Zum Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus’, pp. 148–9, 152; Plum, ‘KPD in der Illegalität’, pp. 157–70.
75. Merson, Communist Resistance, pp. 160–63; Carsten, German Workers, pp. 110–11.
76. T. Hamerow On the Road to The Wolf’s Lair: German Resistance to Hitler (Cambridge, Mass., 1997), pp. 9–11. See too
M. Meyer-Krahmer Carl Goerdeler und sein Weg in den Widerstand (Freiburg im Braisgau, 1989).
77. Hamerow, Road to the Wolf’s Lair, pp. 13–14.
78. A. Speer Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs (London, 1970), pp. 379–81, 392; H. Schacht 76 Jahre meines Lebens (Bad Wörishofen, 1953), pp. 533–7.
79. Hamerow, Road to the Wolf’s Lair, pp. 320–21.
80. Hamerow, Road to the Wolf’s Lair, p. 334.
81. K. vonKlemperer German Resistance Against Hitler: the Search for Allies Abroad (Oxford, 1992), pp. 432–3.
82. B. Scheurig Verräter oder Patrioten. Das Nationalkomitee ‘Freies Deutschland’ und der Bund deutscher Offi ziere in der Sowjetunion 1943–1945 (Berlin, 1993), p. 138.
83. J.P. Stern The White Rose’, in Die Weisse Rose. Student Resistance to National Socialism 1942–1943: Forschungsergebnisse und Erfarhrungsberichte (Nottingham, 1991), pp. 11–31.
84. Serge, Memoirs of a Revolutionary, p. 275.
85. S. Davies Popular Opinion in Stalin’s Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934–1941 (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 122–3. See too B. Starkov Trotsky and Ryutin: from the history of the anti-Stalin resistance in the 1930s’, in T. Brotherstone and P. Dukes (eds) The Trotsky Reappraisal (Edinburgh, 1992), pp. 73, 77–6.
86. R. Gaucher Opposition in the U.S.S.R. 1917–1967 (New York, 1969), pp. 123–7.
87. G. Fischer Soviet Opposition to Stalin: a Case Study in World War II (Cambridge, Mass., 1952), p. 146.
88. J. J. Stephan The Russian Fascists: Tragedy and Farce in Exile, 1925–1945 (London, 1978), pp. 49–51, 55–8.
89. Stephan, Russian Fascists, pp. 159–66, 168–9.
90. Stephan, Russian Fascists, pp. 338–40, 351–4, 357–64.
91. Volkogonov, Trotsky, pp. 320–22.
92. Volkogonov, Trotsky, pp. 328–9, 337–9, 401–6; on the infl uence of Trotsky see Starkov, Trotsky and Ryutin1, pp. 74, 78–9. See too A. Durgan Trotsky, the POUM and the Spanish Revolution’, Journal of Trotsky Studies, 2 (1994), pp. 56–7, 64–5; on Trotsky’s view of terrorism G. L. Kline The Defence of Terrorism: Trotsky and his major critics’, in Brotherstone and Dukes, The Trotsky Reappraisal, pp. 156–63.
93. Gaucher, Opposition in the U.S.S.R., pp. 273–80; V. Rogovin 1937: Stalin’s Year of Terror (Oak Park, Mich., 1998), pp. 328–44.
94. Volkogonov, Trotsky, pp. 463–6; Durgan, ‘Trotsky and the POUM’, p. 43 on Mercader. On Trotsky’s view of terrorism see Kline, The Defence of Terrorism’.
95. Fischer, Soviet Opposition, pp. 42–3.
96. Gaucher, Opposition in the U.S.S.R., p. 321; C. Andreyev Vlasov and the Russian Liberation Movement: Soviet Reality and Emigre Theories (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 2–4.
97. Andreyev, Vlasov, pp. 206–8; M. Parrish The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security 1939–1953 (Westport, Conn., 1996), pp. 151–3.
98. Andreyev, Vlasov, pp. 210–14.
99. J. Hoffmann Die Geschichte der Wlassow-Armee (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1984), pp. 205–6.
100. Parrish, Lesser Terror, pp. 148–50.
101. R. W. Thurston ‘Social Dimensions of Stalinist Rule: Humor and Terror in the USSR, 1935–1941’, Journal of Social History, 24 (1990/91), p. 541.
102. Fischer, Soviet Opposition, pp. 115–16.
103. J. Fürst ‘Re-Examining Opposition under Stalin: Evidence and Context – A Reply to Kuromiya’, Europe – Asia Studies, 55 (2003), pp. 795–9.
104. D. Peukert Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition and Racism in Everyday Life (London, 1987), pp. 154–9.
105. Peukert, Inside Nazi Germany, p. 161.
106. Thurston, ‘Social Dimensions’, p. 553.
107. Pravda, 12 June 1937.
108. L. Siegelbaum and L. Sokolov (eds) Stalinism as a Way of Life (New Haven, Conn., 2000), p. 239.
109. Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin’s Russia, p. 135.
110. Siegelbaum and Sokolov, Stalinism as a Way of Life, p. 176.
111. Siegelbaum and Sokolov, Stalinism as a Way of Life, p. 241.
112. Schadt, Verfolgung und Widerstand, p. 117.
113. D. Kahn Hitler’s Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II (London, 1978), pp. 181–2.
114. Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin’s Russia, pp. 52, 177.
115. Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin’s Russia, p. 177.
116. S. Graham Stalin: An Impartial Study of the Life and Work of Joseph Stalin (London, 1931), pp. 78–9; see too Thurston, ‘Social Dimensions’, pp. 544–7.
117. V. A. Nevezhin ‘The Pact with Germany and the Idea of an “Offensive War” (1939–1941)’, Journal of Slavic Military Stduies, 8 (1995), pp. 813–15.
118. I. Kershaw Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich; Bavaria, 1933–1945 (Oxford, 1983), pp. 334–57.
119. H. Boberach (ed.) Meldungen aus dem Reich: Auswahl aus den geheimen Lageberichten der Sicherheitsdienst der SS, 1939–1945 (Berlin, 1965).
120. E. Radzinsky Stalin (London, 1996), p. 429.
1. B. Brecht Poems 1913–1956 (London, 1976), p. 294.
2. S. Reid ‘Socialist Realism in the Stalinist Terror: the Industry of Socialism Art Exhibition, 1935–41’, Russian Review, 60 (2001), pp. 153–6.
3. S. Barron (ed.) ‘Degenerate Art’: the Fate of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany (New York, 1991), p. 17; P. Adam Arts of the Third Reich (London, 1992), pp. 36–7.
4. Reid, ‘Socialist Realism’, pp. 161–4.
5. Reid, ‘Socialist Realism’, pp. 169–72.
6. Reid, ‘Socialist Realism’, pp. 169, 173–4, 179.
7. Barron, ‘Degenerate Art’, p. 17; F. Spotts Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics (London, 2002), pp. 171–2; Adam, Arts of the Third Reich, p. 94.
8. Spotts, Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics, pp. 171, 176; Barron, ‘Degenerate Art’, p. 18; R. S. Wistrich Weekend in Munich: Art, Propaganda and Terror in the Third Reich (London, 1995), pp. 80, 82–3.
9. Reid, ‘Socialist Realism’, pp. 182–3.
10. Spotts, Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics, p. 172.
11. Adam, Arts of the Third Reich, p. 114; Spotts, Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics, p. 169; Reid, ‘Socialist Realism’, p. 168.
12. H. Ermolaev Soviet Literary Theories 1917–1934: the Genesis of Socialist Realism (New York, 1977), pp. 144, 147; K. Clark The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual (Bloomington, Ind., 2000), pp. 27–31.
13. Ermolaev, Soviet Literary Theories, p. 145; T. Yedlin Maxim Gorky: a Political Biography (Westport, Conn., 1999), pp. 198–9.
14. Ermolaev, Soviet Literary Theories, pp. 166–7.
15. S. Fitzpatrick The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia (Ithaca, NY, 1992), pp. 187–8; Pravda, 28 January 1936. Attacks on Shostakovich were followed by an article in Pravda on 6 February 1936 on modern ballet (‘ballet’s trickery’) and, in the issue for 20 February, on modern building, ‘cacophony in architecture’.
16. I. Golomstock Totalitarian Art (London, 1990), p. 174.
17. R. Hingley Russian Writers and Society 1917–1978 (London, 1979), pp. 198–200.
18. Golomstock, Totalitarian Art, p. 179.
19. S. Tregub The Heroic Life of Nikolai Ostrovsky (Moscow, 1964), pp. 4, 38, 47.
20. W. N. Vickery ‘Zhdanovism (1946–1953)’, in M. Hayward and L. Labedz (eds) Literature and Revolution in Soviet Russia 1917–1962 (Oxford, 1963), p. 110.
21. E. J. Brown The Proletarian Episode in Russian Literature 1928–1932 (New York, 1953), p. 88.
22. Golomstock, Totalitarian Art, p. 86; Ermolaev, Soviet Literary Theories, p. 197.
23. M. Meyer ‘A Musical Facade for the Third Reich’, in Barron ‘Degenerate Art’, p. 174; Golomstock, Totalitarian Art, p. 169.
24. Golomstock, Totalitarian Art, pp. 184–5.
