17. Ibid. , p. 71.
18. Ibid. , p. 74.
19. Ibid. , p. 79.
20. Ibid. , p. 86.
21. Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow, op. cit. , p. 334.
22. Tottle, op. cit. , pp. 111-112.
23. Ibid. , p. 112.
24. Ibid. , p. 113.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid. , p. 115.
27. Ibid. , p. 118.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid. , pp. 121--122.
30. Ibid. , p. 122.
31. Ibid. , p. 128.
32. Ibid. , p. 129.
33. Ibid. , pp. 58--59.
34. J. Arch Getty, Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933--1938 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 5.
35. Tottle, op. cit. , pp. 93--94.
36. Ibid. , p. 94.
37. Ibid. , p. 91.
38. Ibid. , p. 92.
39. Ibid. , p. 96.
40. Ibid. , p. 97.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid. , p. 100.
43. Ibid. , p. 99.
44. Ibid. , p. 101.
45. Ibid.
46. Alexei Fyodorov, The Underground Committee Carries On (Moscow: Progress Publishers).
Глава 6
1. Trotsky, The New Course, p. 72.
2. Trotsky, The New Course, p. 85.
3. Trotsky, Lettres aux travailleurs d»URSS (May 1940). La lutte antibureaucratique en URSS II: La revolution necessaire 1933--1940 (Paris: Union generale d»editions, 1975), pp. 301--302.
4. Lenin, Eleventh Congress of the R.C.P.(B.). Works. vol. 33, p. 283.
5. Stalin, Speech delivered at the Eighth Congress of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League. Selected Works, p. 286.
6. Ibid. , p. 287.
7. Ibid. , p. 288.
8. Getty, op. cit. , p. 22.
9. On Deficiencies in Party Work and Measures for Liquidating Trotskyites and Other Double Dealers. McNeal, op. cit. , p. 183.
10. Ibid. , p. 99.
11. Stalin, Address to the Graduates of the Red Army Academies. Leninism, p. 364.
12. Getty, op. cit. , p. 105.
13. The Preparation of Party Organizations for Elections to the USSR Supreme Soviet under the New Electoral System and the Corresponding Reorganization of Party Political Work (27 February 1937). McNeal, p. 187.
14. Ibid. , p. 158.
15. Ibid. , p. 162.
16. Ibid. , p. 164.
Глава 7
1. Bernard, op. cit. , pp. 50, 52--53.
2. Gabor Tamas Rittersporn, Stalinist Simplifications and Soviet Complications: Social Tensions and Political Conflict in the USSR, 1933--1953 (Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1991), p. 23.
3. Ibid. , pp. 1--2.
4. Ibid. , p. 23.
5. J. V. Stalin, Report and Speech in Reply to Debate at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the C.P.S.U. (3--5 March 1937). Works (London: Red Star Press, 1976), vol. 14, p. 241.
6. Ibid. , pp. 242--243.
7. Ibid. , p. 264.
8. Boris Bajanov, Avec Staline dans le Kremlin (Paris: Les Editions de France, 1930), pp. 2--3.
9. Ibid. , p. 7.
10. Ibid. , pp. 4--5.
11. George Solomon, Parmi les maitres rouges, Serie Anticommuniste du Centre International de Lutte Active Contre le Communisme (Paris: Editions Spes, 1930), p. 19.
12. Ibid. , p 36.
13. Ibid. , p. 19.
14. Ibid. , pp. 36--37.
15. Ibid. , p. 348.
16. Ibid. , p. 351.
17. Bajanov, op. cit. , pp. 105--109.
18. G. A. Tokaev, Comrade X (London: The Harvill Press, 1956), p. 33.
19. Zinoviev, op. cit. , p. 105.
20. Ibid. , p. 104.
21. Ibid. , p. 126.
22. Ibid. , pp. 110, 118.
23. Ibid. , pp. 111, 113.
24. Ibid. , p. 115.
25. Ibid. , pp. 118, 120.
26. Ibid. , p. 122.
27. Ibid. , p. 116.
28. Edward Hallett Carr. Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926--1929, Volume 2 (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1971), pp. 7, 10--12, 20.
29. Ibid. , pp. 28--29.
30. Ibid. , p. 42.
31. Ibid. , p. 49.
32. Ibid. , p. 60.
33. Ibid. , p. 67.
34. Ibid. , p. 65.
35. Ibid. , p. 73, n. 3.
36. Getty, op. cit. , p. 94.
37. Stalin, Report to the Seventeenth Party Congress on the Work of the Central Committee of the C.P.S.U.(B.). Selected Works, p. 404.
38. Stalin, Instead of a Reply to the Discussion, Works, vol. 13, p. 404.
39. Stalin, Report, op. cit. , pp. 405--406.
40. Ibid. , p. 207.
41. Ibid. , pp. 95, 111-112, 115--116.
42. Ibid. , p. 119; p. 245, n. 20.
43. Ibid. , pp. 119--120.
44. Leon Trotsky, Are There No Limits to the Fall? A Summary of the Thirteenth Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International (18 January 1934). Writings of Leon Trotsky (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1973), vol. 6, p. 210.
45. Ibid. , p. 215.
46. Leon Trotsky, Que signifie la capitulation de Rakovsky? (31 March 1934). La lutte, pp. 59--60.
47. Trotsky, Are There No Limits to the Fall?, p. 212.
48. Ibid. , p. 216.
49. Ibid. , p. 217.
50. Ibid. , p. 211.
51. Trotsky, On the Eve of the Seventeenth Congress (20 January 1934). Writings, vol. 6, pp. 223-224.
52. Trotsky, The Stalinist Bureaucracy and the Kirov Assassination: A Reply to Friends in America (28 December 1934). Writings, vol. 7, p. 116.
53. Nikita S. Khrushchev. The Crimes of the Stalin Era: Special Report to the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Secret Report). The New Leader (New York), 1957, p. S32.
54. Trotsky, The Stalinist Bureaucracy and the Kirov Assassination, p. 117.
55. Ibid. , pp. 121--122.
56. Leon Trotsky, Pour sa propre sauvegarde, la bureaucratie entretient la terreur (26 September 1935). L»appareil policier du stalinisme (Paris: Union generale d»editions, 1976), pp. 85--87.
57. Getty, op. cit. , p. 123.
58. Tokaev, op. cit. , pp. 60--61.
59. Getty, op. cit. , pp. 121--122.
60. John D. Littlepage and Demaree Bess, In Search of Soviet Gold (London: George E. Harrap & Co., 1939), pp. 188-189.
61. Ibid. , pp. 89--94.
62. Ibid. , pp. 97--101.
63. Khrushchev, Secret Report, op. cit. , p. S32.
64. Littlepage and Bess, op. cit. , pp. 106--107.
65. Ibid. , p. 111.
66. Ibid. , pp. 112--114.
67. Ibid. , pp. 274--275.
68. Ibid. , pp. 95--96.
69. People»s Commissariat of Justice of the U.S.S.R. Report of Court Proceedings in the Case of the Anti-Soviet Trotskyite Centre (Moscow, 1937), pp. 21--27.
70. Littlepage and Bess, op. cit. , p. 102.
71. Scott, op. cit. , p. 184.
72. Ibid. , pp. 188--189.
73. Stalin, Report and Speech in Reply to Debate at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the C.P.S.U., p. 241.
74. Ibid. , p. 264.
75. Khrushchev, op. cit. , p. S24.
76. Stalin, op. cit. , p. 278.
77. Ibid. , p. 280.
78. Ibid. , pp. 279--280.
79. Ibid. , p. 296.
80. Ibid. , p. 294.
81. Ibid. , pp. 292--293.
82. Ibid. , pp. 282--283.
83. Stephen F. Cohen. Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888--1938 (New York: Vintage Books, 1975), p. 343.
84. Nouvelles de Moscou 21, 27 May 1990.
85. People»s Commissariat of Justice of the U.S.S.R. Report of Court Proceedings in the Case of the Anti-Soviet ««Bloc of Rights and Trotskyites»» (Moscow, 1938), p. 390.
86. Cohen, op. cit. , p. 352.
87. Ibid. , p. 355.
88. Ibid. , p. 356.
89. Ibid. , p. 354.
90. Ibid. , p. 362.
91. Ibid. , pp. 361, 363.
92. Yannick Blanc and David Kaisergruber, L»affaire Boukharine ou Le recours de la memoire (Paris: Francois Maspero, 1979), p. 64.
93. Ibid. , p. 79.
94. Ibid. , p. 65.
95. Ibid. , p. 64.
96. Ibid. , pp. 64--65.
97. Cohen, op. cit. , p. 365.
98. Blanc and Kaisergruber, op. cit. , p. 72.
99. Ibid. , pp. 75--76.
100. Ibid. , pp. 72--73.
101. Ibid. , p. 76.
102. Tokaev, op. cit. , p. 43.
103. Ibid. , p. 61.
104. Ibid. , p. 86.
105. Court Proceedings ... ««Bloc of Rights and Trotskyites»», op. cit. , pp. 377--378.
106. Tokaev, op. cit. , p. 159.
107. Ibid. , pp. 68--69.
108. Ibid. , p. 85.
109. Ibid. , pp. 174--175.
110. Ibid. , p. 187.
111. Ibid. , p. 188.
112. Joseph E. Davies, Mission to Moscow, (New York: Garden City Publishing Co., 1943), p. 163.
113. Tokaev, p. 96.
114. Ibid.
115. Ibid. , p. 98.
116. Court Proceedings ... ««Bloc of Rights and Trotskyites»», , op. cit. , p. 429.
117. Ibid. , pp. 432--433.
118. Cohen, op. cit. , p. 372.
119. Ibid. , pp. 375--376.
120. Court Proceedings ... ««Bloc of Rights and Trotskyites»», , op. cit. , pp. 380--381.
121. Ibid. , p. 381.
122. Ibid. , p. 382.
123. Ibid. , p. 386.
124. Ibid.
125. Ibid. , pp. 387--388.
126. Ibid. , p. 388.
127. Ibid. , pp. 388--389.
128. Ibid. , pp. 390--391.
129. Ibid. , p. 391.
130. Ibid. , p. 393.
131. Ibid. , p. 419.
132. Ibid. , p. 425.
133. Ibid. , p. 430.
134. Ibid. , pp. 431--432.
135. Ibid. , pp. 776--779.
136. Cohen, op. cit. , p. 381.
137. Ibid. , p. 382.
138. Ken Coates, The Case of Nikolai Bukharin (Nottingham: Spokesman, 1978).
139. Blanc and Kaisergruber, op. cit. , pp. 11, 16.
140. Cohen, op. cit. , p. 384.
141. Ibid. , p. 386.
142. Getty, op. cit. , p. 167.
143. Carr, op. cit. , p. 325.
144. Ibid. , p. 327.
145. Ibid. , p. 320.
146. Ibid. , p. 331.
147. Ibid. , p. 317.
148. Getty, op. cit. , p. 255, n. 84.
149. Alexander Werth, quoted in Harpal Brar, Perestroika: The Complete Collapse of Revisionism (London: Harpal Brar, 1992), p. 161.
150. Joseph Davies, op. cit. , p. 99.
151. Ibid. , p. 103.
152. Alexander Uralov (Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov), The Reign of Stalin (Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press, p. 1975), p. 50.
153. Robert Coulondre, De Staline a Hitler: Souvenirs de deux ambassades, 1936--1939 (Paris: Hachette, 1950), pp. 182--184.
154. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War: The Gathering Storm (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948), pp. 288--289.
155. I. Deutscher, Stalin: A Political Biography, second edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), p. 379.
156. Ibid. , p. x, n. 1.
157. Louise Narvaez, Degrelle m»a dit, Postface by Degrelle (Brussels: Editions du Baucens, 1977), pp. 360--361.
158. J. Gobbels, Tagebucher aus den Jahren 1942--1943, (Zurich, 1948), p. 322. Quoted in Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, La seconde guerre mondiale: caracteres fondamentaux de la politique et de la strategie, vol. 1, pp. 213--214.
159. F. Chueva, Sto sorok besed s MOLOTOVYM (One hundred forty conversations with Molotov) (Moscow: Terra, 1991), p. 413.
160. Roman Kolkowicz, The Soviet Military and the Communist Party (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1967), pp. 343--344.
161. Ibid. , p. 344.
162. E. H. Cookridge, Gehlen: Spy of the Century (New York: Random House, 1972), pp. 57--58.
163. Vlasov and Vlasovites. New Times 44 (1990), pp. 36--40.
164. Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, 1918--1956. An Experiment in Literary Investigation I--II (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), p. 253, note.
165. A. M. Vasilevsky, A Lifelong Cause (Moscow: Progress, 1973), pp. 139--141.
166. Solzhenitsyn, op. cit. , p. 255.
167. Ibid. , pp. 258--259.
168. Ibid. , p. 261.
169. Ibid. , pp. 256--257.
170. Tokaev, op. cit. , pp. 83--84.
171. Ibid. , p. 1.
172. Ibid. , p. 5.
173. Ibid. , p. 220.
174. Ibid. , p. 75.
175. Ibid. , p. 8.
176. Ibid. , p. 45.
177. Ibid. , p. 15.
178. Ibid. , p. 21.
179. Ibid. , p. 160.
180. Ibid. , p. 17.
181. Ibid. , p. 189.
182. Ibid. , p. 274.
183. Ibid. , p. 17.
184. Ibid. , p. 6.
185. Ibid. , p. 118.
186. Ibid. , p. 22.
187. Ibid. , p. 215.
188. Ibid. , p. 28.
189. Ibid. , pp. 9, 47.
190. Ibid. , p. 84.
191. Ibid. , pp. 74--75.
192. Ibid. , p. 6.
193. Ibid. , pp. 17--18.
194. Ibid. , p. 20.
195. Ibid. , p. 22.
196. Ibid. , p. 7.
197. Ibid. , p. 63.
198. Ibid. , p. 2.
199. Ibid. , p. 37.
200. Ibid. , pp. 48--49.
201. Ibid. , p. 48.
202. Ibid. , p. 34.
203. Ibid. , p. 64.
204. Ibid. , p. 156.
205. Ibid. , pp. 156--157.
206. Ibid. , p. 159--160.
207. Ibid. , p. 183.
208. Ibid. , p. 188.
209. Ibid. , p. 352.
210. Getty, op. cit. , p. 137.
211. Ibid. , p. 155.
212. Ibid. , p. 162.
213. Ibid. , pp. 170--171.
214. Ibid. , p. 178.
215. Ibid.
216. Ibid. , p. 177.
217. Ibid. , p. 185.
218. On Errors of Party Organizations in Expelling Communists from the Party, on Formal Bureaucratic Attitudes toward the Appeals of Those Expelled from the VKP(b), and on Measures to Eliminate These Short-comings (18 January 1938). McNeal, op. cit. , p. 188.
219. Ibid. , pp. 190--192.
220. Khrushchev, Secret Report, p. S26.
221. Ibid. , p. 194.
222. Tokaev, op. cit. , p. 119.
223. Ibid. , p. 101.
224. Nouvelles de Moscou 26 (30 June 1992), p. 15.
225. Rittersporn, op. cit. , p. 12.
226. Getty, op. cit. , p. 176.
227. Ibid. , p. 190.
228. Rittersporn, op. cit. , p. 12.
229. Getty, op. cit. , pp. 257--258, n. 16.
230. Conquest's figures and those that refute his claims all come from Nicolas Werth, «Goulag: les vrais chiffres», op. cit. . See also Getty, Rittersporn and Zemskov, op. cit. .
231. Roy A. Medvedev and Zhores A. Medvedev, Khrushchev: The Years in Power (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), p. 19.
232. Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Grand Failure (New York: Charles Scribner»s Sons, 1989), p. 89.
233. Ibid. , p. 176.
234. Ibid. , p. 206.
235. Peter Dodge, Beyond Marxism: The Faith and Works of Hendrik de Man (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1966), pp. 196--197.
236. Henri Amouroux, Quarante millions de petainistes (Paris: Editions Robert Laffont, 1977).
Глава 8
1. Bernard, op. cit. , p. 9.
2. Ibid. , p. 121.
3. Ibid. , p. 123.
4. Ibid. , p. 11.
5. Ibid. , pp. 48--50.
6. Trotsky, Thermidor et l'antisemitisme (22 February 1937). La lutte, pp. 143--144.
