id="id318">
{222} Graham,
Civil Rights Era, p. 250; Glazer,
Ethnic Dilemmas, p. 262; Kull,
Color-Blind Constitution, p. 200–203, quoting Labor Department regulations.
{223} Kull, Color-Blind Constitution, p. 204–205; Belz, Equality Transformed, p. 51, 55
{224} Kull, Color-Blind Constitution, p. 214–16.
{225} Jack Citrin, «Affirmative Action in the People’s Court», The Public Interest, 122 (Winter 1996), p. 46; Seymour Martin Lipset, «Affirmative Action and the American Creed», Wilson Quarterly, 16 (Winter 1992), p. 59.
{226} Richard Kahlenberg, «Bob Dole’s Colorblind Injustice», Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 10–16 June 1996, p. 24; Stephan Thernstrom and Abigail Thernstrom, America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), p. 452; New York Times, 1 June 2001, p. A17.
{227} Lieberman quoted in New York Times, 10 March 1995, p. A16; John Fonte, «Why There Is A Culture War: Gramsci and Tocqueville in America», Policy Review, 104 (December 2000 and January 2001), p. 21.
{228} Connerly quoted in Fonte, «Why There Is A Culture War», p. 21; Ward Connerly, Creating Equal: My Fight Against Race Preferences (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2000), p. 228.
{229} Seymour Martin Lipset, «Equal Chances versus Equal Results», Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 523 (September 1992), p. 66–67.
{230} Lipset, «Affirmative Action and the American Creed», p. 58; Washington Post, 11 October 1995, p. A11; Citrin, «Affirmative Action in the People’s Court», p. 43; William Raspberry, «What Actions are Affirmative?» Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 28 August-3 September, 1995, p. 28; Citrin, «Affirmative Action in the People’s Court», p. 41.
{231} Citrin, «Affirmative Action in the People’s Court», p. 43.
{232} Ibid.; Boston Globe, 30 April 1997, p. A19.
{233} Thernstrom and Thernstrom, America in Black and White, p. 437; City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Company, 488 U. S. 469 (1989).
{234} Thernstrom and Thernstrom, America in Black and White, p. 456–459.
{235} Washington Post/Kaiser Family Foundation/Harvard University, «Race and Ethnicity in 2001: Attitudes, Perceptions, and Experiences», (August 2001); Princeton Survey Research Associates poll, January 2003; Jennifer Barrett, «Newsweek Poll: Bush Loses Ground», Newsweek, 14 February 2003, online; Jonathan Chait, «Pol Tested», New Republic, 3 February 2003, p. 14.
{236} Belz, Equality Transformed, p. 66–67; Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting (New York: Basic Books, 1973), p. 417; Thernstrom and Thernstrom, America in Black and White, p. 492.
{237} Martinez in Miami Herald, 12 October 1988, cited in Raymond Tatalovich, Nativism Reborn?: The Official English Language Movement and the American States (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1995), p. 99.
{238} Tatalovich, Nativism Reborn?, p. 1–2.
{239} Unamuno quoted in Carlos Alberto Montaner, «Talk English — You Are in the United States», in James Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 164; Karl W. Deutsch, Nationalism and Social Communication (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1966).
{240} Immigration and Nationality Act, Title III, Chapter 2, Section 312, (8 U. S. C. 1423).
{241} 42 U. S. C. 1973b (f), Pub. L. 94–73, 89 Stat. 400; Tatalovich, Nativism Reborn?, p. 105; James Crawford, Hold Your Tongue: Bilingualism and the Politics of «English Only» (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1992), p. 272, n. 13; Washington Post, 14 November 2002, p. T3; Chicago Sun-Times, 2 May 1996, p. 29, 5 August 2002, p. 1.
{242} Asian American Business Group v. City of Pomona in Crawford, Language Loyalties, p. 284–287; Wall Street Journal, 21 August 1995, p. A8; Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U. S. 275 (2001), New York Times, 25 April 2001, p. A14.
{243} Ruiz, et al. v. Hull, et al., 191 Ariz. 441, 957 P.2d 984 (1998); cert. denied, 11 January 1999.
{244} Edward M. Chen, «Language Rights in the Private Sector» in Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties, p. 276–77.
{245} James Crawford, Bilingual Education: History, Politics, Theory, and Practice (Trenton: Crane, 1989), p. 33; J. Stanley Pottinger, Office for Civil Rights, memorandum, 25 May 1970; Serna v. Portales Municipal Schools, 351 F. supp. 1279 (1972); Lau v. Nichols, 414 U. S. 563 (1974).
{246} Crawford, Bilingual Education, p. 39; William J. Bennett, «The Bilingual Education Act: A Failed Path», in Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties, p. 361.
{247} Time, 8 July 1985, p. 80–81.
{248} Scheuer quoted in Bennett, «The Bilingual Education Act: A Failed Path» in James Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties, p. 361.
{249} Badillo quoted in New York Post, 17 October 2000, p. 16.
{250} Carol Schmid, «The English Only Movement: Social Bases of Support and Opposition among Anglos and Latinos», in Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties, p. 202.
{251} Jack Citrin, Donald Philip Green, Beth Reingold, Evelyn Walters, «The ‘Official English’ Movement, and the Symbolic Politics of Language in the United States», Western Political Quarterly, 43 (September 1990), p. 540–41; Camilo Perez-Bustillo, «What Happens When English Only Comes To Town?»: A Study of Lowell «Massachussetts», in Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties, p. 191–201.
{252} Citrin et. al., «The ‘Official English’ Movement», p. 548–52; Zogby International poll, 15–17 November and 10–13 December 1998.
{253} Tatalovich, Nativism Reborn?, p. 85–88.
{254} Ibid., p. 114–122.
{255} Ibid., p. 136–148, 150–160.
{256} Geoffrey Nunberg, «Linguists and the Official Language Movement», Language, 65 (September 1989), p. 581.
{257} Boston Globe, 6 November 2002, p. A1.
{258} Rocky Mountain News, 6 November 2002, p. 29A; Boston Globe, 10 November 2002, p. 10.
{259} Schmid, «The English Only Movement», in James Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties, p. 203–5; Max J. Castro, «On the Curious Question of Language in Miami» in Ibid., p. 179; Peter Skerry, Mexican Americans: The Ambivalent Minority (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), p. 285; Jack Citrin, «Language Politics and American Identity», The Public Interest, 99 (Spring 1990), p. 104.
{260} Steve Farkas,
