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3. JWT Intelligence, “Gen Z: Digital in Their DNA,” April 2012, http:// www.jwtintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/F_INTERNAL _Gen_Z_0418122.pdf .
4. Cisco, “Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update 2014-2019 White Paper,” February 2015, http://www.cisco. com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking -index-vni/white_paper_c11-520862.html.
5. Karl Fisch, and modified by Scott McLeod, Did You Know: Best of Shift Happens.”
6. E. Limer, “The First Text Message Was Sent 20 Years Ago Today,” Gizmodo, December 3, 2012, http://gizmodo.com/5965121/the-first-text-message -was-sent-20-years-ago-today.
7. Cisco, “Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update 2014-2019 White Paper.”
8. Kukil Bora, “Mobile App Store Annual Downloads to Reach 102 Billion in 2013; IOS, Android Stores to Account for 90% of Downloads by 2017,” International Business Times, September 19, 2013, http://www.ibtimes.com/ mobile-app-store-annual-downloads-reach-102-billion-2013-ios-android -stores-account-90-downloads.
9. M.A. Harrison and A.L. Gilmore, “U Txt WHEN? College Students’ Social Contexts of Text Messaging,” The Social Science Journal 49 (2012).
10. JWT Intelligence, “Gen Z: Digital in Their DNA,” April 2012, http:// www.jwtintelligence.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/04/F_INTERNAL _Gen_Z_0418122.pdf.
11. Ibid.
12. N.B. Ellison, C. Steinfeld, and C. Lampe, “Connection Strategies: Social Capital Implications of Facebook-Enabled Communication Practices,” New Media & Society, (2010) 1-20.
13. D. Quinn, L. Chen, and M. Mulvenna, “Does Age Make a Difference in the Behavior of Online Social Network Users?,” IEEE International Conferences on Internet of Things, and Cyber, Political and Social Computing, 2011.
14. C.D. Firth and U. Firth, “Mechanisms of Social Cognition,” Annual Review of Psychology 63 (2012): 287-313.
15. S.J. Blakemore, “How Does the Brain Deal with the Social World?,” Neuro Report 14 (2003): 1-10.
16. L. Sproull and S. Kiesler, “Reducing Social Context Cues: Electronic Mail in Organizational Communication,” Management Science 32, no. 11 (1988): 1492-1512.
17. “Paul Ekman Group, Training,” 2015, http://www.paulekman.com/products/.
18. C. Izard et al., “Emotion Knowledge as a Predictor of Social Behavior and Academic Competence in Children at Risk,” Psychological Science 12 (2001): 352.
19. M.L. Knapp and J.A. Hall, Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction, 7th ed. (Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010).
20. Ibid.
21. Erdley and Asher, “A Social Goals Perspective on Children’s Social Competence,” Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 7, no. 156 (1999): 156-68.
22. J.R. Brown and J. Dunn, “Continuities in Emotion Understanding from Three to Six Years,” Child Development 67 (1996): 789-802.
23. Sproull and Kiesler, “Reducing Social Context Cues: Electronic Mail in Organizational Communication.”
24. Y.T. Uhls, “What Happens When Kids Go Cold Turkey from Their Screens for 5 Days?,” 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/yalda-t-uhls/what-happens -when-kids-go-cold-turkey-from-their-screens-for-5-days_b_5700805 .html.
25. Y.T. Uhls et al., “Five Days at Outdoor Education Camp Without Screens Improves Preteen Skills with Nonverbal Emotion Cues,” Computers in Human Behavior, (2014).
26. S. Nowicki,Jr., “Manual for the Receptive Tests of the DANVA2,” 2010.
27. J. Magill-Evans et al., “The Child and Adolescent Social Perception Measure,” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 19 (1995): 151.
28. J. Magill-Evans, K. Manyk, and A. Cameron-Sadava, “Child and Adolescent Social Perception Measure: Manual” (Unpublished manuscript, 1995).
29. J. Radesky et al., “Patterns of Mobile Device Use by Caregivers and Children During Meals in a Fast Food Restaurants,” Pediatrics, (2014).
30. J. Radesky et al., “Maternal Mobile Device Use During a Structured Parent-Child Interaction Task,” Academic Pediatrics, (2014).
31. C. Palsson, “That Smarts! Smartphones and Child Injuries” (Department of Economics, Yale, 2014).
32. Highlights magazine, The State of the Kid 2014, Highlights for Children, 2014, https://cdn.highlights.com/hfc/highlights/state-of-the-kid/Highlights -SOTK14.pdf?_ga=1.157347514.1483083552.1403891518.
33. Michele Borba, “Parents Too Plugged In? That’s What Our Kids Say,” Pediatric Safety, 2012, http://www.pediatricsafety.net/index.php?s=She%E2%80% 99s%20always%20on%20her%20blackberry.%20It%E2%80%99s%20 soooo%20annoying.
34. Growing Wireless, “Kids Wireless Use Quick Facts,” 2015, http://www .growingwireless.com/get-the-facts/quick-facts.
35. L. Sakari et al., “Adolescents’ Electronic Media Use at Night, Sleep Disturbance, and Depressive Symptoms in the Smartphone Age,” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 44 (2014).
36. R.S. Weisskirch, “Parenting by Cell Phone: Parental Monitoring of Adolescents and Family Relations,” Journal of Youth Adolescence 38 (2009).
37. “Intrusive Monitoring of Internet Use by Parents Actually Leads Adolescents to Increase Their Risky Online Behavior,” Science Daily, January 21, 2015, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150121093507.htm.
38. M. Dworak and A. Wiater, “Media, Sleep and Memory in Children and Adolescents,” Sleep Disorders & Therapy 2 (2013).
39. National Sleep Foundation, 2014 Sleep in America Poll: Sleep in the Modern Family, Summary of Findings, 2014.
40. Drowsy Driving.org, “Facts and Stats,” National Sleep Foundation, 2015.
41. National Sleep Foundation, 2014 Sleep in America Poll.
42. M. Hysing et al., “Sleep and Use of Electronic Devices in Adolescence: Results from a Large Population Based Study,” BMJ Open 5 (2015).
43. Dworak and Wiater, “Media, Sleep and Memory in Children and Adolescents.”
44. Sakari et al., “Adolescents’ Electronic Media Use at Night, Sleep Disturbance, and Depressive Symptoms in the Smartphone Age.”
45. National Sleep Foundation, 2014 Sleep in America Poll.
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2. K.L. Mills, “Effects of Internet Use on the Adolescent Brain: Despite Popular Claims, Experimental Evidence Remains Scarce,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 18 (August 2014).
3. J.N. Giedd, “The Digital Revolution and Adolescent Brain Evolution,” Journal of Adolescent Health 51 (2012): 101-5.
4. J.Q. Anderson and L. Rainie, Millennials Will Benefit and Suffer due to Their Hyperconnected Lives, Pew Internet and American Life Project (Pew Research Center, 2012).
5. Mills, “Effects of Internet Use on the Adolescent Brain.”
6. F. Tong and M.S. Pratte, “Decoding the Patterns of Human Brain Activity,” Annual Review of Psychology 63 (2012).
7. L. Cattaneo and G. Rizzolatti, “The Mirror Neuron System,” Neurological Review 66 (2009).
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11. Lieberman, Social: Why Our Brains Are Wired to Connect.
12. Small et al., “Your Brain on Google: Patterns of Cerebral Activation During Internet Searching.”
13. S.J. Blakemore, “The Developing Social Brain: Implications for Education,” Neuron 65 (2010): 744-47.
14. J.N. Giedd, “Brain
