PellegrinoJ. W., Goldman S. R. (1983). Developmental and individual differences in verbal and spatial reasoning. In R. F. Dillon R. R. Schmeck (Eds.), Individual differences in cognition (pp. 137–180). New York: Academic.
Perfetto C. A., Bransford J. D., Franks J. J. (1983). Constraints on access in a problem solving context. Memory Cognition, 13, 24–31.
Perkins D. N. (1981). The mind's best work: A new psychology of creative thinking. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Perkins D. N. (1985). Postprimary education has little impact on informal reasoning, Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 562–571.
Perkins D. N. (1986). Knowledge as design. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Perkins D.N.(988). Creativity and the quest for mechanism. In R. J. Sternberg E. E. Smith (Eds.), Psychology of human thought. New York: Cambridge.
Perkins D. N… Lochhead J., Bishop J. С (Eds.). (1987). Thinking. The second international conference. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Pestel В. С (1993). Teaching problem solving without modeling through «Thinking Aloud Pair Problem Solving.» Science Education, 77(1), 83–94.
Phillips И. (1961). My best puzzles in logic and reasoning. New York: Dover.
Piper D. (1985). Syllogistic reasoning in varied narrative contexts: Aspects of logical and linguistic development. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 14, 19–43.
Pitt J., Leavenworth R. (1968). Logic for argument. New York: Random House.
Pious S. (1993). The psychology of judgment and decision making. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Pogrow S. (1992). A validated approach to thinking development for at-risk populations. In С Collins: J. N, Mangieri (Eds.), Teaching thinking: An agenda for the 21 st century (pp. 87-101). Hillsdale, NJ; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Poincare H. (1929). The foundations of science. New York: Science House.
Polya G. (1945). How to solve it: A new aspect of mathematical method. New York: Doubleday.
Polya G. (1957). How to solve it: A new aspect of mathematical method (2nd ed.). Garden City, NY: Dou-bleday.
Polya G. (1962). Mathematical discovery (Volume 1). New York: Wiley.
PosnerM. I. (1973). Cognition: An introduction. Glen-view, IL: Scott, Foresman.
Postman N., Powers S. (1992). How to watch TV news. New York Penguin.
Potts G. R. (1972). Information processing strategies used in the encoding of linear orderings. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 727–740.
Powell D. (1985). The wisdom of the novel: A dictionary of quotations. New York: Garland.
Pratkanis A., Aronson E. (1992). Age of propaganda: The everyday use and abuse of persuasion. New York: Freeman.
Prince G. M. (1970). The practice of creativity. New York: Harper.
Quattrone G. A., Jones E. E. (1980). The perception of variability within in-groups and out-groups: Implications for the law of small numbers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 141–152.
Raia E. (1994, June 2) Russian style. Purchasing, pp. 28–29.
RAND Corporation. (1992, Fall). Health care and the uninsured: Who will pay? RAND Research Review, XVI, 6–8.
Raphael B. (1976). The thinking computer: Mind inside matter. San Francisco: Freeman.
Renshon S. A. (1992). The psychology of good judgment: A preliminary model with some applications to the Gulf War. Political Psychology, 13, 477–495.
Resnick L. B. (1985). Cognition and instruction. In B. L. Hammonds (Ed.), Psychology and learning: The master lecture series (pp. 127–186). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Restak R. M. (1988). The mind. Toronto: Bantam.
Reyes R. M. Thompson, W. C, Bower, G. H. (1980)? Judgmental biases resulting from differing availabilities of arguments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 2-12.
Rips L J. (1988). Deduction. In R. J. Sternberg E. E. Smith (Eds.), The psychology of human thought, (pp. 116–152). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Roediger H. L. Ill (1990). Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist, 45, 1043–1056.
Rokeach M. (1960). The open and closed mind. New York: Basic Books.
Rosch E. (1977). Human categorization. In N. Warren (Ed.), Studies m cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 1). New York: Academic Press.
Rosenthal R., Fode K. L (1963). The effect of experimental bias on the performance of the albino rat. Behavioral Science, 8, 183–187.
Ross J., Laurence K. A. (1968). Some observations on memory artifice. Psychonomic Science, 13,107–108.
Rothenberg A. (1979). The emerging goddess. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rubinstein J., Slife В. D. (1982). Taking sides: Clashing views on controversial psychological issues. Guilford, CT: Dushkin.
Rubinstein M. F. (1975). Patterns of problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Rubinstein Af. /*".(! 980). A decade of experience in teaching an interdisciplinary problem-solving course. In D. J. Tuma F. Reif (Eds.), Problem solving and education: Issues in teaching and research. Hillsdale. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Rubinstein M. R., PfeifferK. R. (1980). Concepts in problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Ruggiero V. R. (1995). Beyond feelings; A guide to critical thinking (4th ed.). Mountain View, CA: Mayfi-etd. Sadler, W. A., Jr., Whimbey, A. (November, 1985). A holistic approach to improving thinking skills. Phi Delta Kappan, 67, 199–202.
Sapir E. (1960). Culture, language and personality. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Schafly P. (1993, July 21). A mental health care nightmare. The Washington Times, (p. G4).
Schank R. C, Childers R. C. (1988). The creative attitude: Learning to ask and answer the right questions. New York: Macmillan.
Schauble L., Glaser R. (1990). Scientific thinking in children and adults, in D. Kuhn (Series Ed., Vol. Ed). Contributions to Human Development: Vol. 21. Developmental perspectives on teaching and learning thinking skills (pp. 9-27). New York: Basel, Karger.
Schick Т., Jr., Vaughn L. (1995). How to think about weird things. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.
Schoenfeld A H. (1979). Can heuristics be taught? In J. Lochhead J. Clement (Eds.), Cognitive process instruction: Research on teaching skills. Philadelphia: Franklin Institute Press.
Schoenfeld A. H. (1985). Mathematical problem solving. New York: Academic Press.
Schoenfeld A. H., Herrmann D. J. (1982). Problem perception and knowledge structure in expert and novice mathematical problem solvers. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 5, 484–494.
Scholnick E. K., Friedman S. L. (1987). The planning construct in the psychological literature. In S. L. Friedman, E. K. Scholnick R. R. Cocking (Eds.), Blueprints for thinking: The role of planning in cognitive development (pp. 3-38). Cambridge. MA: Cambridge University Press.
ScrivenM. (1976). Reasoning. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Searleman A., Herrmann D. (1994). Memory from a broader perspective. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Sears A., Parsons J. (1991). Towards critical thinking as an ethic. Theory and Research in Social Education, 19(1), 45–68.
Seech Z. (1993). Open minds and everyday reasoning. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Segal /. W., Chipman S. E, Glaser R. (Eds.). (1985). Thinking and learning skills: Vol. I. Relating instruction to research. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Seligman M. (1991). Learned optimism. New York: Knopf.
Shaklee H. (1987, November). Estimating cumulative risk: Flood and contraceptive failure. Paper presented at the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Seattle, WA.
Shanteau J., Grier M., Johnson /., Bemer E. (1991). Teaching decision-making skills to student nurses. In J. Baron R. V. Brown (Eds.), Teaching decision making to adolescents (pp. 185–206). Hills-dale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Shaver K. G. (1981). Principles of social psychology. Cambridge, MA: Winthrop.
Shaw G. A., de Mers S. T. (1986–1987). Relationships between imagery and creativity in high-IQ children. Imagination, Cognition Personality, 6(3), 247–262.
Shermer M. (1992). Anecdotes do not make a science: The skeptics reply. Skeptic, 1, 18–19.
Shubik M. (1971). The dollar auction game: A paradox in noncooperative behavior and escalation. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 15, 109–111.
Siegel E. (1991, May). Persuasion and decision-making. APS Observer, p. 8.
Simon H. A. (1977). The psychology of scientific problem solving. In H. A. Simon (Ed.), Models of discovery. Dordrecht, Netherlands: D. Reidel.
Simon H. A., Kaplan С A. (1989). In M. I. Posner (Ed.), Foundations of cognitive sciences (pp. 1 -47). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Simonson /., Nowlis, S. M., Simonson, Y. (1993). The effect of irrelevant preference arguments on consumer choice. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 2, 287–306.
Singer В., Benassi V. A. (1981). Occult beliefs. American Scientist, 69, 49–55.
Sinnott J. D. (Ed.). (1989). Everyday problem solving: Theory and applications. New York: Praeger.
Skeptic. (1995). Race and IQ.3.
Slovic P. (1987). Perception of risk- Science, 236, 280–285.
Slovic P., Fischhoff, Lichtenstein S. (1986). In H. Arkes K. R. Hammond (Eds.), Judgment and decision making; An interdisciplinary reader. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Smedslund J. (1963). The concept of correlation in adults. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 44, 165–173.
Smith L. (1992, June 2). Rick's place revisited. The Los Angeles Times, p. Al.
Smith M. U. (1992). Expertise and the organization of knowledge: Unexpected differences among genetic counselors faculty, and students on problem categorization tasks. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 29(2), 179–205.
Smith M. U. (1988). Successful and unsuccessful problem solving in classical genetic pedigrees. Journal of Research in Science Teaching. 25(6), 411–433.
Smith R. A. (1995). Challenging your perceptions: Thinking critically about psychology. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Smith S. M., Btankenship S. Я. (1991). Incubation and the persistence of fixation in problem solving. American journal of Psychology, 104(1), 61–87.
Snow R. E. (1986). Individual differences and the design of educational programs. American Psychologist ,41, 1029–1034.
Snydei M., Uranowitz S. W. (1978). Reconstructing the past: Some cognitive consequences of person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36,941–950.
Solorzano L. (1985, January 14). Think! Now schools are teaching how. U.S. News World Report.
Sorensen Т. С (1965). Kennedy. New York: Harper Row.
Sparke W, Taines В., Sidell S. (1975). Doublespeak: Language for sale. New York; Harper's College Press.
Spirer L., Spirer L. (1994). Data analysis for monitoring human rights. Annapolis Junction. MD: AAAS Distribution Center.
Stahl N. N., Stahl R. J. (1991). We can agree after all! Achieving consensus for a critical thinking component of a gifted program using the Delphi Technique. Roeper Review, 14(2), 79–88.
Stanovich К. E. (1992). How to think straight about psychology (3nd ed.). New York: HarperCollins.
Steen L. A. (1987). Mathematics education: A predictor of scientific competitiveness. Science, 237, 251–252.
Stein M. I. (1974). Stimulating creativity: Individual procedures (Vol. I). New York: Academic Press.
Stein M. I. (1975). Stimulating creativity: Group procedures (Vol. II). New York: Academic Press.
Sternberg R. J. (1977). Component processes in analogical reasoning. Psychological Review, 84, 353–373.
Sternberg R. J. (1981). Intelligence and nonentrench-ment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 1-16.
Sternberg R. J. (1982). Who's intelligent? Psychology Today, 16,30–33,35-39.
Sternberg R. J. (1985). Instrumental and componential approaches to the nature and training of intelligence. In S. F. Chipman, J. W. Segal, R. Glaser (Eds.), Thinking and learning skills: Vol. 2. Research and open questions. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Sternberg R. J. (1986). Intelligence applied: Understanding and increasing your intellectual skills. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Sternberg R. J. (Ed.). (1988). The nature of creativity. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg R. J., Frensch P. A. (Eds.). (1991). Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms. Hills-dale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.