105
См., например: Michael Kanellos, «With 3D Chips, Samsung Leaves Moore's Law Behind», Forbes.com, August 14, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelkanellos/2013/08/14/with-3d-chips-samsung-leaves-moores-law-behind; John Markoff, «Researchers Build a Working Carbon Nanotube Computer», New York Times, September 25, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/26/science/researchers-build-a-working-carbon-nanotube-computer.html?ref=johnmarkoff&_r=0.
President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, «Report to the President and Congress: Designing a Digital Future: Federally Funded Research and Development in Networking and Information Technology», December 2010, p. 71, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-nitrd-report-2010.pdf.
James Fallows, «Why Is Software So Slow?», The Atlantic, August 14, 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/09/why-is-software-so-slow/309422/.
По расчетам популяризатора науки Джоя Касада, нейроны обмениваются сигналами со скоростью 150 м/с. Это намного медленнее скорости обмена сигналами в компьютерных чипах. См.: Joy Casad, «How Fast Is a Thought?», Examiner.com, August 20, 2009, http://www.examiner.com/article/how-fast-is-a-thought.
Пресс-релиз компании IBM: «IBM Research Creates New Foundation to Program SyNAPSE Chips», August 8, 2013, http://finance.yahoo.com/news/ibm-research-creates-foundation-program-040100103.html.
См., например, «Rise of the Machines», The Economist (Free Exchange blog), October 20, 2010, http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2010/10/technology.
Сайт Google Investor Relations: http://investor.google.com/financial/tables.html.
Исторические данные о General Motors см.: http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500_archive/snapshots/1979/563.html. В 1979 г. GM получила прибыль в размере $3,5 млрд, что соответствует приблизительно $11 млрд в ценах 2012 г.
Scott Timberg, «Jaron Lanier: The Internet Destroyed the Middle Class», Salon.com, May 12, 2013, http://www.salon.com/2013/05/12/jaron_lanier_the_internet_destroyed_the_middle_class/.
Данное видео доступно для просмотра на youtube.com: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wb2cI_gJUok; если ссылка не работает, наберите в строке поиска YouTube: «Man vs. Machine: Will Human Workers Become Obsolete?» Комментарий Курцвейла — на 5 мин. 40 сек.
Robert Jensen, «The Digital Provide: Information (Technology), Market Performance and Welfare in the South Indian Fisheries Sector», Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122, no. 3 (2007): 879−924.
Список публикаций о рыбаках Керала не так велик. См.: The Rational Optimist by Matt Ridley, A History of the World in 100 Objects by Neil MacGregor, The Mobile Wave by Michael Saylor, Race Against the Machine by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, Content Nation by John Blossom, Planet India by Mira Kamdar, «To Do with the Price of Fish», The Economist, May 10, 2007. Теперь он пополнился этой книгой.
David Carr, «The Robots Are Coming! Oh, They're Here», New York Times (Media Decoder blog), October 19, 2009, http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/19/the-robots-are-coming-oh-theyre-here.
Steven Levy, «Can an Algorithm Write a Better News Story Than a Human Reporter?», Wired, April 24, 2012, http://www.wired.com/2012/04/can-an-algorithm-write-a-better-news-story-than-a-human-reporter.
Адрес корпоративного сайта компании Narrative Science: http://narrativescience.com.
George Leef, «The Skills College Graduates Need», Pope Center for Education Policy, December 14, 2006, http://www.popecenter.org/commentaries/article.html?id=1770.
Kenneth Neil Cukier and Viktor Mayer-Schoenberger, «The Rise of Big Data», Foreign Affairs, May/June 2013, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139104/kenneth-neil-cukier-and-viktor-mayer-schoenberger/the-rise-of-big-data.
Thomas H. Davenport, Paul Barth, and Randy Bean, «How 'Big Data' Is Different», MIT Sloan Management Review, July 20, 2012, http://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/how-big-data-is-different.
Charles Duhigg, «How Companies Learn Your Secrets», New York Times, February 16, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/19/magazine/shopping-habits.html.
Цит. по: Steven Levy, In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011), p. 64.
Tom Simonite, «Facebook Creates Software That Matches Faces Almost as Well as You Do», MIT Technology Review, March 17, 2014, http://www.technologyreview.com/news/525586/facebook-creates-software-that-matches-faces-almost-as-well-as-you-do/.
Цит. по: John Markoff, «Scientists See Promise in Deep-Learning Programs», New York Times, November 23, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/24/science/scientists-see-advances-in-deep-learning-a-part-of-artificial-intelligence.html.
Don Peck, «They're Watching You at Work», The Atlantic, December 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/12/theyre-watching-you-at-work/354681/.
Патент США № 8,589,407, «Automated Generation of Suggestions for Personalized Reactions in a Social Network», November 19, 2013, http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&S1=08589407&OS=PN/08589407&RS=PN/08589407.
Приведенные цифры были получены автором в ходе телефонного разговора с вице-президентом по маркетингу и стратегическому партнерству компании WorkFusion Адамом Девине 14.05.2014.
Этот случай описывается Стивеном Бейкером в его книге Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011), p. 20. Также рассказывает об ужине в мясном ресторане и Джон Келли в книге Smart Machines: IBM's Watson and the Era of Cognitive Computing (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013), p. 27. Однако в книге Бейкера указывается, что, по мнению ряда сотрудников IBM, идея создания компьютера, который мог бы сыграть в «Jeopardy!», родилась задолго до памятного ужина.
Rob High, «The Era of Cognitive Systems: An Inside Look at IBM Watson and How it Works», IBM Redbooks, 2012, p. 2, http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redpapers/pdfs/redp4955.pdf.
Baker, Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything, p. 30.
Baker, Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything, с. 9 и 26.
Baker, Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything, с. 68.
Baker, Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything, с. 68.
Baker, Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything, с. 78.
David Ferrucci, Eric Brown, Jennifer Chu-Carroll, James Fan, David Gondek, Aditya A. Kalyanpur, Adam Lally, J. William Murdock, Eric Nyberg, John Prager, Nico Schlaefer, and Chris Welty, «Building Watson: An Overview of the DeepQA Project», AI Magazine, Fall 2010, http://www.aaai.org/Magazine/Watson/watson.php.
Пресс-релиз компании IBM: «IBM Research Unveils Two New Watson Related Projects from Cleveland Clinic Collaboration», October 15, 2013, http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/42203.wss.
IBM Case Study: «IBM Watson/Fluid, Inc.», November 4, 2013, http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/watson/pdf/Fluid_case_study_11_4_2013.pdf.
«IBM Watson/MD Buyline, Inc.», IBM Case Study, November 4, 2013, http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/watson/pdf/MDB_case_study_11_4_2013.pdf.
Пресс-релиз IBM: «Citi and IBM Enter Exploratory Agreement on Use of Watson Technologies», March 5, 2012, http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/37029.wss.
Пресс-релиз IBM: «IBM Watson's Next Venture: Fueling New Era of Cognitive Apps Built in the Cloud by Developers», November 14, 2013, http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/42451.wss.
Quentin Hardy, «IBM to Announce More Powerful Watson via the Internet», New York Times, November 13, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/14/technology/ibm-to-announce-more-powerful-watson-via-the-internet.html?_r=0.
Nick Heath, «'Let's Try and Not Have a Human Do It': How One Facebook Techie Can Run 20,000 Servers», ZDNet, November 25, 2013, http://www.zdnet.com/lets-try-and-not-have-a-human-do-it-how-one-facebook-techie-can-run-20000-servers-7000023524.
