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Sally S. Dickerson et al., «Immunological Effects of Induced Shame and Guilt», Psychosomatic Medicine 66, no. 1 (2004): 124–31.
Tangney, Stuewig, and Mashek, «Moral Emotions and Moral Behavior».
Eric Stice, «Risk and Maintenance Factors for Eating Pathology: A Meta-Analytic Review», Psychological Bulletin 128, no. 5 (September 2002): 825–48.
Eric Stice, «Risk and Maintenance Factors for Eating Pathology: A Meta-Analytic Review», Psychological Bulletin 128, no. 5 (September 2002): 825–48.
Eric Stice et al., «Fasting Increases Risk for Onset of Binge Eating and Bulimic Pathology: A 5-Year Prospective Study», Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117, no. 4 (November 1, 2008): 941–46, doi:10.1037/a0013644.
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Stice, Burger, and Yokum, «Caloric Deprivation Increases Responsivity of Attention and Reward Brain Regions to Intake, Anticipated Intake, and Images of Palatable Foods».
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Поскольку только 6 % населения болеет ожирением третьей степени и выше, у большинства респондентов диагностировалось, вероятно, ожирение первой и второй степени. Совсем необязательно, что на более запущенных стадиях ожирения стабильное значение массы тела не опасно для здоровья. Peter Rzehak et al., «Weight Change, Weight Cycling and Mortality in the ERFORT Male Cohort Study», European Journal of Epidemiology 22, no. 10 (January 2007): 665–73, doi:10.1007/s10654-007-9167-5.
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Это формальное соотношение рисков.
Когда в этом абзаце я говорю о том, что отношение равнялось единице, я имею в виду, что 95 %-ный доверительный интервал включал в себя единицу. Аналогичным образом «отношение больше единицы» означает, что нижняя граница 95 %-ного доверительного интервала больше единицы. 140 – это количество исследований, отобранных Флегал из 97 разных источников, а не число самих источников.
Здесь вычисляется относительный риск развития рака легких у мужчин, которые выкуривают полпачки или пачку сигарет в день, по сравнению с теми, кто никогда не курил. Neal D. Freedman et al., «Cigarette Smoking and Subsequent Risk of Lung Cancer in Men and Women: Analysis of a Prospective Cohort Study», Lancet Oncology 9, no. 7 (2008): 649–56.
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K. M. Flegal et al., «Excess Deaths Associated with Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity», JAMA 293, no. 15 (2005): 1861–67, doi:10.1001/jama.293.15.1861.
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National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2013: With Special Feature on Prescription Drugs (Hyattsville, MD, 2014), график 46.
National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2013: With Special Feature on Prescription Drugs, график 44.
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Oliveros and Villamor, «Obesity and Mortality in Critically Ill Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis».
Классическое упоминание об этом можно найти в книге: R. A. Fisher, «The Design of Experiments» (Oxford, England: Oliver & Boyd, 1935). Замечательный комментарий о методе случайной выборки есть в книге, написанной моим бывшим коллегой: Brett W. Pelham and Hart Blanton, «Conducting Research in Psychology: Measuring the Weight of Smoke», 4th ed. (Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, 2011). В ней метод случайной выборки называется «самым чудесным из всех научных открытий» (с. 202).
Вероятно, вы подумали об упомянутых в главе 2 экспериментах, в которых заключенные и добровольцы должны были на время потолстеть. Они не подходят для этого случая, поскольку в них не предусмотрено наличие контрольных групп. Sims, «Experimental Obesity, Dietary-Induced Thermogenesis, and Their Clinical Implications».
Mann et al., «Medicare's Search for Effective Obesity Treatments: Diets Are Not the Answer».
Mann, Tomiyama, and Ahlstrom, «Long-Term Effects of Dieting».
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Определения появляются в работе: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, «Data & Safety Monitoring Plans», Research and Funding for Scientists, 2013, http://www.niddk.nih.gov/research-funding/process/human-subjects-research/data-safety-monitoring-plans/Pages/data-and-safety-monitoring-plans.aspx. Для ознакомления с исследованием, которое проводили ученые из Look AHEAD (см. предыдущее примечание) и которое было закрыто по причине «бесполезности», см.: Look AHEAD Protocol Review Committee, «Protocol: Action for Health in Diabetes: Look AHEAD Clinical Trial, 10th Revision», 2012, https://www.lookaheadtrial.org/public/LookAHEADProtocol.pdf, p. 38.
