Appel, T. 1987. The Cuvier-Geoffroy debate: French biology in the decade before Darwin. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
Aristotle. 1984. The complete works of Aristotle: the revised Oxford translation. J. Barnes (ed.) Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
Aterman, K. 1999. From Horus the child to Hephaestus who limps: a romp through history. American Journal of Medical Genetics 83: 53-63
Bachiller, D. et al. 2000. The organiser factors chordin and noggin are required for mouse forebrain development. Nature 403: 658-661
Bacon, F. 1620 (2000). The new organon. L. Jardine and M. Silverthorne (eds) Cambridge Unversity Press, Cambridge, UK
Baker, J.R. 1974. Race. Oxford University Press, N.Y.
Balemans, W. et al. 2001. Increased bone density in sclerosteosis is due to the deficiency of a novel secreted protein (SOST). Human Molecular Genetics 10: 537-543
Baljet, B. 1990. The cyclopic monsters of the Vrolik collection. Actes du colloque de conservateurs des musées d'histoire des sciences medicales 66-78.
Baljet, B. and M.L. Öjesjö. 1994. Teratology in art or the Dysmorphology Hieronymus Bosch Connection. Actes du 7е colloque des conservateurs des musées d'histore des sciences medicales.
Baljet, B. and R.-J. Oostra. 1998. Historical aspects of the study of malformations in the Netherlands. American Journal of Medical Genetics 77: 91-99
Baljet, B. et al. 1991. Willem Vrolikoncyclopia. Documenta Opthalmologica 77: 355-368
Bamshad, M. et al. 1999. Reconstructing the history of human limb development: lessons from birth defects. Pediatric Research 45: 291-299
Barbin, H. 1980. Herculine Barbin: being the recently discovered memoirs of a nineteenth century French hermaphrodite (intro. M. Foucault, trans. R. McDougall). Pantheon, N.Y.
Barbujani, G. et al. 1997. An apportionment of human DNA diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94: 4516-4519
Barinaga, M. 1993. New protein appears to be long-sought neural inducer. Science 262: 653-254
Barrett, D. and M. McCann. 1980. Two-toed man. Sunday Times Magazine 28-31
Barsh, G. 1999. Of ancient tales and hairless tails. Nature Genetics 22: 315-316
Bartke, A. et al. 2001a. Longevity – extending the lifespan of long-lived mice. Nature 414: 412
Bartke, A. et al. 2001b. Prolonged longevity of hypopituitary dwarf mice. Experimental Gerontology 36: 21-28
Bates, A.W. 2001. The De monstrorum of Fortunio Liceti: a landmark of descriptive teratology. Journal of Medical Biography 9: 49-54
Bateson, W. 1894. Materials for the study of variation. Macmillan, London
Bazopoulou-Kyrkanidou, E. 1997. What makes Hephaestus lame? American Journal of Medical Genetics 72: 144-155
Beckman, K.B. and B.N. Ames. 1998. The free radical theory of ageing matures. Physiological Reviews 78: 547-581
Beddington, R.S.P. 1994. Induction of a second neural axis by the mouse node. Development 120: 613-620
Beddington, R.S.P. and E.J. Robertson. 1999. Axis development and early asymmetry in mammals. Cell 96: 195-209
Bell, A.G. 1918. The duration of life and conditions associated with longevity. Genealogical Record Office, Washington, DC
Bendyshe, T. 1864. On the anthropology of Linnaeus. Memoires of the Anthropological Society of London I: 421-458
Besser, G.M. and M.O. Thorner. 1994. Clinical endocrinology (2nd ed.) Ch. 11. Mosby-Wolfe, London
Betts, D.H. et al. 2001. Reprogramming of telomerase activity and rebuilding of telomere length in cloned cattle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 98: 1077-1082
Bindman, D. 2002. Ape to Apollo: aesthetics and the idea of race in the eighteenth century. Reaktion, London
Birkett, J. 1858. Congential, supernumerary and imperfectly developed auricles on the sides of the neck. Transactions of the Pathological Society of London 9: 448-449
Bittles, A.H. 2001. Consaguinity and its relevance to clinical genetics Clinical Genetics 60: 89-90
Blair, H.C. 1998. How the osteoclast degrades bone. Bioessays 20: 837-846
Blanchard, R. 1907. Nouvelles observations sur les nègres pies. Geoffroy Satin-Hilaire à Lisbonne. Bulletin de la Société Franсaise d'histoire de la médecine 6: 111-135
Blasco, M.A. et al. 1997. Telomere shortening and tumor formation by mouse cells lacking telomerase RNA. Cell 91: 25-34
Boaistuau, P. 1560 (2000) Histoires prodigieuses, Facsimile of Wellcome MS 136. (S. Bamforth ed.) Franco Maria Ricci, Milan
Boardman, J. 1997a. Pan in text pp. 923-941; plate pp. 612-636 in Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae: VIII: 1 (text); 2 (Plates)
Boardman, J. 1997b. The great god Pan. Thames and Hudson, London
Boas, F. 1912. Changes in bodily form of descendants of immigrants. American Anthropologist 14: 530-562
Bodnar, A.G. et al. 1998. Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cell. Science 279: 349-351
Bogin, B. 1999. Patterns of human growth, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. UK
Bonaventure, J. et al. 1996. Common mutations in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene account for achondroplasia, hypochondroplasia and thanatophoric dwarfism. American journal of Medical Genetics 63: 148-154
Bondeson, J. 1997. A cabinet of medical curiosities. Tauris, London
Bondeson, J. 2000. The two-headed boy and other medical marvels. Cornell University Press, Ithaca. N.Y.
Bondeson, J. and A.E.W. Miles. 1996. The hairy family of Burma: a four generation pedigree of congenital hypertrichosis lanuginosa. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 89: 403-408
Bornstein, P.E. and R.R. Peterson. 1966. Numerical variation in the presacral vertebral column in three population groups. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 25: 139-146
Boruwlaski, J. 1792. The Memoirs of the celebrated dwarf Joseph Boruwlaski, A Polish gentleman containing a faithful and curious account of his birth, education, marriage, travels and voyages, (trans. S. Freeman) 2nd ed. J. Thompson. Birmingham
Boulet and Capecchi. 1996. Targeted disruption of Hoxc-4 causes esophageal defects and vertebral transformation. Developmental Biology 177: 232-249
Boyd, W.C. 1955. Genetics and the races of man. Little, Brown and Co., Boston
Brandtt A. 1897. Üeberdiesogenannten Hundemenschen, beziehungsweise über Hypertrichosis universalis. Biologische Zentralblatt 17: 161-179
Broberg, G. 1983. Homo sapiens. Linnaeus' classification of man. in T. Frangsmyr, (ed.) Linnaeus: the man and his work. University of California Press, Berkley
Brockes, J.P. 1998. Regeneration and cancer. Biochimica et biophysica acta. 1377 M1-M11
Brown-Borg, H.M. et al. 1996. Dwarf mice and ageing process. Nature 384: 33
Browne, T. 1904. The works of Thomas Browne. C. Sayle (ed.) Grant Richards, London
Brueckner, M. 2001. Cilia propel the embryo in the right direction. American Journal of Medical Genetics 101: 339-344
Brunet, L.J. et al. 1998. Noggin, cartilage morphogenesis, and joint formation in the mammalian skeleton. Science 280: 1455-1457
Brunkow, M.E. et al. 2001. Bone dysplasia sclerosteosis results from loss of the SOST gene product, a novel cystine knot-containing protein. American Journal of Human Genetics 68: 577-589
Bruyn, G.W. and L.N. Went. 1986. Huntington's Chorea, in Vinken, G. W. et al. (eds.) Extrapyramidal disorders: handbook of clinical neurology 49: 267-273
Buffon, G.L. 1777. Histoire naturelle générale et particulière. Imprimerie Royale, Paris
Burn, J. and T. Strachan. 1995. Human embryo use in developmental research. Nature Genetics 11: 3-6
Callahan, C.A. and A.E. Oro. 2001. Monstrous attempts at adnexogenesis: regulating hair follicle progenitors through sonic hedgehog signalling. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 11: 541-546
Cargill, M. et al. 1999. Characterisation of single-nucleotidepolymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nature Genetics 22: 231-238
Carpenter, E.M. et al. 1993. Loss of Hox-Al (Hox-1.6) function results in the reorganisation of the murine hindbrain. Development 118: 1063-1075
Casey, B. and B.P. Hackett. 2000. Left-right axis malformations in man and mouse. Current Opinon in Genetics and Development 10: 257-261
Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. 1986. The African pygmies. Academic Press, N.Y.
Cavelaars, A.E.J.M. et al. 2000. Persistent variations in average height between countries and between socio-economic groups: an overview of 10 European countries Annals of Human Biology 27: 407-421
Celli, J. et at. 1999. Heterozygous germline mutations in the P53 homolog p63 are the cause of EEC syndrome. Cell 99: 143-151
Chapman, T. and L. Partridge. 1996. Female fitness in Drosophila melanogaster: an interaction between the effect of nutrition and of encounter rates with males. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London Series ВBiological Sciences 263: 755-759
Charlesworth, B. 1996. Evolution of senescence: Alzheimer's disease and evolution. Current Biology 6: 20-22
Chen, L. et al. 2001. A Ser{j65)->Cys mutation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 in mouse downregulates ihh / PTHrP signals and causes severe achondroplasia. Human Molecular Genetics 10: 457-465.
Chen, Y. et al. 2000. Conservation of early odontogenetic signaling pathways in Aves. Proceedings of the National Academy, USA 97: 10044-10049
Chiang, C. et at. 1996. Cyclopia and defective axial patterning in mice lacking sonic hedgehog gene function. Nature 383: 407-412
Chiang, C. et al. 2001. Manifestation of the limb prepattern: limb development in the absence of sonic hedgehog function. Developmental Biology 236: 421-435
Chisaka, O. and M.R. Capecchi. 1991. Regionally restricted developmental defects resulting from targeted disruption of the mouse homeobox gene hox-1.5 (HoxA3). Nature 350: 473-479
Cibelli, J.B. et at. 2002. The health profile of cloned animals. Nature Biotechnology 20: 13-14
Clark, R.M. et al. 2001. Reciprocal mouse and human limb phenotypes caused by gain and loss-of-function mutations affecting Lmbn. Genetics 159: 715-726
Coates, M.I. and J.A. Clack. 1990. Polydactyly in the earliest tetrapod limbs. Nature 347: 66-69.
Cockayne, E.A. 1933. Inherited abnormalities of the skin and its appendages. Oxford University Press, London
Cohen, M.M. 2002. Bone morphogenetic proteins with some comments on fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. American Journal of Medical Genetics 109: 87-92
Cohen, M.M. 1988. Further diagnostic thoughts about the Elephant Man. American Journal of Medical Genetics 29: 777-782
Cohen, M.M. 1989. A comprehensive and critical assessment of overgrowth and overgrowth syndromes. Advances in Human Genetics 18: 181-303
Cohen, M.M. 1993. Proteus syndrome: clinical evidence for somatic mosaicism and selective review. American Journal of Medical Genetics 47: 645-652
Cohen, M.M. 2001. Problems in the definition of holoprosencephaly. American Journal of Medical Genetics 103: 183-187
Cohen, M.M. and K. Shiota. 2002. Teratogenesis of holoprosencephaly. American Journal of Medical Genetics 109: 1-15
Cohn, M.J. and C. Tickle. 1999. Developmental basis for limblessness and axial patterning in snakes. Nature 399: 474-479
Cohn, M.J. and P.E. Bright. 2000. Development of vertebrate limbs: insight into pattern, evolution and dysmorphogenesis. in O'Higgins, P. and M.J. Cohn (eds) Development, growth and evolution: implications for the hominidskeleton. Academic Press, N.Y.
Collins-Schramm, H.E. 2002. Ethnic-difference markers for use in mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium. American Journal of Human Genetics 70: 737-750